![]() Our results indicated that the MMPI-2-RF scale scores mostly converge with PID-5 dimensional traits as well as the Section III PDs in a conceptually expected manner. In the current investigation, we examined the associations between MMPI-2-RF scale scores and the PID-5 trait scores and DSM-5 Section III PDs in a combined sample of university students (n = 668) from the United States and Canada. One such measure, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2–Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), will likely remain in the test armamentarium of many practitioners and be employed to assess the DSM-5 dimensional traits. Although specific assessment instruments for these personality traits have already been developed (e.g., the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 ), clinicians will likely continue to use omnibus measures of psychopathology that are familiar to them to inform diagnostic decision making. This model includes a set of dimensional personality traits, which along with impairment in personality functioning can be configured to represent one of six PDs. In 2008, the MMPI-2-RFĪn alternative model for diagnosing personality disorders (PDs) appears in DSM-5 Section III. Restructuring the Clinical Scales was the initial step toward addressing the remaining psychometric and theoretical problems of the MMPI-2. ![]() The most historically significant developmental changes include: In 1989, the MMPI became the MMPI-2 as a result of a major restandardization project that was undertaken to develop an entirely new set of normative data representing current population characteristics the restandardization produced an extremely large normative database that included a wide range of clinical and non-clinical samples psychometric characteristics of the Clinical Scales were not addressed at that time.In 2003, the Restructured Clinical Scales were added to the published MMPI-2, representing a major psychometric reconstruction of the original Clinical Scales this project was designed to address known psychometric flaws in the original Clinical Scales that unnecessarily complicated their interpretability and validity, but could not be addressed at the same time as the restandardization process Specifically, Demoralization-a non-specific distress component thought to impair the discriminant validity of many self-report measures of psychopathology-was identified and removed from the original Clinical Scales. ![]() Many additions and changes to the measure have been made over time, including the addition of dozens of supplemental, validity, and other content scales to improve interpretability of the original Clinical Scales, changes in the number of items in the measure, and other adjustments. The MMPI has been considered the gold standard in personality testing ever since its inception as an adult measure of psychopathology and personality structure in 1939. The MMPI is copyrighted by the University of Minnesota. History: The original authors of the MMPI were Starke R. After the computer scores the test results, the psychologist writes up a report interpreting the test results in the context of the person's history and current psychological concerns. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is considered a protected psychological instrument, meaning it can only be given and interpreted by a psychologist trained to do so (anyone cannot find the test online). The MMPI is currently commonly administered in one of two forms - the MMPI-2, which has 567 true/false questions, and the newer MMPI-2-RF, published in 2008 and containing only 338 true/false items. Once an individual has completed the test, he/she is rated on 10 clinical scales used to indicate different psychotic conditions. The MMPI-2 contains 567 test items and takes approximately 60-90 min to complete. The revised edition of the test was released in 1989 as the MMPI-2. In response to these issues, the MMPI underwent a revision in the late 1980s. ![]() Others argued that the results indicated possible test bias, while some felt the test contained sexist and racist questions. Critics pointed out that the original sample group was inadequate. In the years after the test was first published, clinicians and researchers began to question the accuracy of the MMPI. Today, it is a frequently used clinical testing instrument and one of the most researched psychological tests in existence. ![]() The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in the late 1930s by psychologist Starke R. ![]()
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